The major health financing mechanisms in Nigeria are namely: (i) government budget using general tax revenue; (ii) direct out-of-pocket payments; (iii) a social insurance scheme known as the Formal Sector Social Health Insurance Programme (FSSHIP) that is implemented by the National health insurance scheme; and (iv) donor funding. PDF 2019 Healthcare Market Insights: NIGERIAThe catastrophic and impoverishing effects of out-of ...Pharmaceuticals & Healthcare in Nigeria: Overview ... Revenue collection and administration is highly Background: Catastrophic health expenditure is a measure of financial risk protection and it is often incurred by households who have to pay out of pocket for health care services that are not affordable. This is majorly as a result of high out-of-pocket health expenditure in Nigeria which is capable of making households incur catastrophic health expenditure and exacerbating poverty. In Nigeria, health services are mostly paid for out-of-pocket and . According to the World Health Organisation, about 100 million people are pushed into extreme poverty each year because of out-of-pocket spending on health. The country's health financing landscape is characterised by suboptimal and grossly inefficient public spending on health, and high out-of-pocket expenditure for citizens as households currently cover the cost of 77.5% of the country's total healthcare spending . The detailed information provided in the survey was used to classify households as not having or having catastrophic health expenditure using the methodology . Nigeria - Access to affordable health care Government spending for health in Nigeria is suboptimal, leading to unacceptably high rates of out-of-pocket expenditure for health- estimated at 70% of total health expenditure. Combined . This statistic describes the out-of-pocket health expenditure per capita in the Middle East and North Africa in 2017, by country. Nigeria: Accelerating Progress Towards UHC in Nigeria ... Nigeria is amongst the countries that rank high for out-of-pocket expenditure. 14. In Nigeria, health care is financed through; Tax revenues, out of pocket payments (user payment), health insurance (social and community based insurance), donor funding, exemptions and deferrals, . Spending on health per person by financing scheme, 2005-2015 31 Fig. However, for the same period, private expenditures (PvtHE) made up 76.5% and 63.7% of . Out-of-pocket spending among households was about 81% of CHE, compared with a national average of 71.5% of CHE between 2010 and 2014. What is out of pocket expenditure as a share of current health expenditure? Examining Inequities in Incidence of Catastrophic Health ... The study examined the burden of out‐of‐pocket spending (OOPS) to households, because available data showed that OOPS dominates household expenditure on health in Nigeria. Nigeria - Access to affordable health care Increase in poverty gap at $1.90 ($ 2011 PPP) poverty line due to out-of-pocket health care expenditure (USD) Definition: Increase in poverty gap at $1.90 ($ 2011 PPP) poverty line due to out-of-pocket health care expenditure, expressed in US dollars (2011 PPP). Top countries for Out-of-Pocket Health Expenditure Over 70% of health care spending in Nigeria is out-of-pocket. 3. Global Health Expenditure DatabaseOut-of-pocket health expenditure per capita in MENA by ... sources, including tax revenue, out-of-pocket payments, international donor funding and health insurance.2revenue of the Federation with an amount not less than Households continue to be the major source of health financing in Nigeria, through out-of-pocket spending. Since 2009 Cambodia Out-Of-Pocket Health Expenditure increased 4.3points year on year at 74.19 Percent of Health Expenditure. For example, health infrastructure in Nigeria is not fully developed and varies significantly between large cities and more rural areas. Health spending indicators are key guides for monitoring resource, provision of transparency and supporting the accountability of health fynansing systems. In many developing countries, the principal use of OOP to finance health care has spurred a growing body of research regarding the existence and determinants of CHE among households [ 2 , 4 , 5 , 9 - 12 ]. Out-of-pocket spending (OOPS) is the major payment strategy for healthcare in Nigeria. CHE occurs in the form of out of pocket spending on healthcare. Eleven million Africans are pushed into poverty every year by medical expenses, according to the World Health Organisation (WHO). The results showed that there is a huge financial burden associated with out-of-pocket health expenditure among the elderly in Nigeria and this financial burden increases with increase in income. CiteSeerX - Document Details (Isaac Councill, Lee Giles, Pradeep Teregowda): This study examines the determinant of out-of-pocket healthcare expenditure in the south-south geopolitical zone of Nigeria using the 2010 national harmonized living standard survey data. It consumes a large proportion from population's incomes and, therefore, pushes them into sever poverty with its all negative consequences. Analysis was conducted using Microsoft Excel, Stata and the Health Accounts Production Tool. A survey conducted on the living standard of Nigerians indicates that out-of-pocket payment for health care services accounts for a significant percentage of household expenditure. Methods Using data from the Kenya Household Health Expenditure and Utilization Survey (KHHEUS) 2018, we investigated the incidence and intensity of catastrophic and impoverishing health expenditure. Lamentably, he said out-of-pocket health expenditure is a deterrent for the citizens to seek healthcare from skilled health personnel. Out-of-pocket payments as a share of total spending on health, The specific objectives of the study are: to determine the relationship between health expenditure and economic growth in Nigeria from 1989 to 2019. to determine the source of fund for the Nigeria health sector development from 1989 . In addition, few households are shown to be impoverished where out-of-pocket expenditure is less than 20% of the total health expenditure.In the African Region, only 10 countries out of 47 have sources, including tax revenue, out-of-pocket payments, international donor funding and health insurance.2revenue of the Federation with an amount not less than Households continue to be the major source of health financing in Nigeria, through out-of-pocket spending. Background Malaria is the number one public health problem in Nigeria, responsible for about 30% of deaths in under-fives and 25% of deaths in infants and 11% maternal mortality. catastrophic health expenditure and impoverishment remain low in countries where out-of-pocket expenditure is less than 20% of the total health expenditure. The analysis assesses the use of inpatient and outpatient services and estimated out-of-pocket expenditures for the care received in the most recent visit. While the Findings show that current health expenditure (CHE) accounted for only 7% of the total health expenditure in 2016. Background: Increasing out-of-pocket health expenditure among older people worsens the inequitable access to essential health services in low and middle-income countries (LMIC). In Nigeria, public funding accounts for about 25% of total health spending while the private sector (largely faith-based) provides 75% of the funding, with household out-of-pocket expenditure accounting for 95% of the private sector expenditure. per 1000 population 0.4 1.6 0.1 0.0 Physicians density (per 1000 population) Nursing and midwifery personnel density (per 1000 population) Pharmaceutical personnel density (per 1000 population) Other health workers density (per 1000 population) 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 Nigeria Methods The dependent variable was real (inflation-adjusted) monthly OOP health . The Nigerian National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) was established in 1999, and officially launched in 2005, to provide financial risk protection for citizens and reduce the high burden of out-of-pocket spending (OOPs) on individuals and households. In 2014, Out-Of-Pocket Health Expenditure in Yemen increased 2.5points compared to a year earlier. Using the Heckman selection two-step model, the study concludes that state of residence, age of household head, family size, per . expenditures to use health services. The recently introduced national health A CLOSER LOOK AT THE HEALTHCARE SYSTEM IN NIGERIA HEALTHCARE FINANCING Health expenditure: per capita (current US$) total (% of GDP) public (% of government expenditure) public (% of total health expenditure) External resources for health (% of total expenditure on health) Out-of-pocket (% of total expenditure on health) (World Bank, July 2016 . In fact, out-of-pocket payments for healthcare services account for a significant percentage of household expenditures in Nigeria. While out of pocket expenditure accounts for 60.4% of the total expenditure. "This is because the. This high level of out-of-pocket expenditure implies that health care can place a significant financial burden on households. As of 2018, out-of-pocket expenses accounted for 76.6% of current health expenditure in Nigeria. In the Nigerian context, preconditions for financial catastrophe are operational as there is high out-of-pocket spending (OOPS) on health with low capacity to pay, presence of user fees, and poor prepayment insurance coverage. The description is composed by our digital data assistant. Per-capita expenditures and the burden that obesity and overweight impose on families are also estimated. In Nigeria, over 70 % of health spending is private, and 96 % of private health expenditure is made up of out-of pocket payments . We reviewed the incidence and determinants of catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) in Nigeria. Meanwhile, each out-of-pocket expenditure for an admission and the outpatient department by the National Health Insurance was 2.6 and 3.1 times higher than that of Medical Aid (P < 0.05). This study examined the incidence and intensity of catastrophic health expenditure; and, its determinants among Nigerian households. household out-of-pocket expenditure as a proportion of total health expenditure averaged 64.5% between 1998 OOP health expenditure as a percentage of total health expenditure has fluctuated between 60% and 75% over decades (WHO 2014, 2015, 2016a ). Using the panel-data approach and region-aggregated data from Statistics Poland, this research investigated associations between socio-economic factors and OOP health spending in 16 Polish regions for the period 1999-2019. In Nigeria, the urgency to achieve Universal Health Coverage is even more pronounced with 76.6% of the country's health expenditure coming from out-of-pocket expenses. These sources include, but not limited to tax-based public sector health financing, household out-of-pocket health expenditure, Nigeria out of pocket expenditure as a share of current health expenditure was at level of 76.6 % in 2018, down from 77.2 % previous year. Health expenditure According to a report by Fitch Solutions, healthcare expenditure in Nigeria is predicted to reach NGN 5,762.061 billion by 2021 growing at a CAGR of 8.35% Y.O.Y. The main aim of the research work is to determine the impact of health expenditure on economic growth in Nigeria. Methods A cross-sectional study was undertaken in two malaria holo-endemic communities in Nigeria, involving both . In Nigeria, majority of health care is currently financed privately. Sum of out-of-pocket expenditure for all countries divided by sum of total expenditure on health for all countries by relevant group. During the meeting in Lagos, Adetokumbo Fabamwo, the Chief Medical Director, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, said 70 per cent of Nigerians spend out-of-pocket for health. Share of out-of-pocket payments of total current health expenditures. This statistic describes the out-of-pocket health expenditure per capita in the Middle East and North Africa in 2017, by country. out-of-pocket health expenditures in four African countries—Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Liberia, Namibia, and Rwanda. "Innovative financing like the adoption model which Anambra . Out-of-pocket health expenditure has adverse effects on family income allocation to essential needs, including food, education, shelter, utilities, and so forth [4, 5]. The results suggest that out-of-pocket expenditures due to excess weight have increased sharply during these 3 years. Combined federal, state, and local government expenditure was $1.4 billion, while international donor support was $1.1 billion. Breakdown of total out-of-pocket spending by type of health care and consumption quintile in 2014 28 Fig. The study assessed the determinants of catastrophic health expenditure among households in Nigeria. Another existing major health financing mechanism in Nigeria The total out-of-pocket expenditure, including that for emergency room visits, admission, outpatient department visits, and prescribed drugs, was 2.9 times . This study estimated the economic burden of malaria in Nigeria using the cost of illness approach. National Health Accounts (NHA) provides evidence to monitor trends in health spending for all sectors- public and private, different health care activities, providers, diseases, population groups and regions in a country. 4. 50% of the Fund shall be used for the per capita health expenditure in Nigeria is provision of basic minimum package of health estimated at between $10-15 at average services to citizens, in eligible primary or exchange rates with private out of pocket secondary health care facilities through the expenditure (OOPE) accounting for 60 to . 12. Breakdown of total out-of-pocket spending by type of health care 30 Fig. 13. Poverty, type of illness, lack of health insurance all contribute to CHE. Hospitals (including secondary, tertiary and specialist hospitals) and primary healthcare centers received a combined total of N1.7 trillion, equivalent of 40.4% of CHE. Government expenditure on health (GGHE) was 23.5% and 36.3% of the total health expenditure in 1997 and 2009. Proportion of population pushed below the $3.20 ($ 2011 PPP) poverty line by out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%) - Nigeria from The World Bank: Data The real challenge of health care financing in Nigeria as in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) lies not primarily in the acute scarcity of resources, but in the absence of intermediation and insurance mechanisms to manage risk, and inefficient resource allocation and purchasing practices []. Consequently, there is a need for healthcare systems to establish financial protection for the populace against the burden of health problems. The Global Health Expenditure Database (GHED) provides comparable data on health expenditure for 192 countries over the past 20 years. Poverty, type of illness, lack of health insurance all contribute to CHE. The highest use of health Two waves of the Portuguese National Health Survey (NHS), namely; 1995/1996 and 1998/1999 are considered. Given that out-of-pocket health expenditure is the biggest proportion of private health-related spending, the working poor and the have-nots suffer more. Of health care spend in Nigeria, 77% is out-of-pocket, according to the World Health Organisation's (WHO) latest data, from 2017. Private expenditure on health as a percentage of total health expenditure is 63.3% 1; that is about two-thirds of the total amount spent on health care. Out-of-pocket payment as a percentage of private health expenditure has also consistently been over 90% [ 14 ]. It helps in developing nationals Out-of-pocket expenditures constitute nearly 90% of the total private health spending, placing a significant burden on households. We investigated various socioeconomic and health factors associated with out-of-pocket and catastrophic health expenditures among rural older people in India.. Methods: We recruited 1,000 participants aged above 65 . This is the cost of healthcare services, not counting capital . This situation is partly a result of chronic underfunding of the health sector, as well as inefficiencies in the release and management of funds. OOP health payments can make households face catastrophe and become impoverished. Revenue collection and administration is highly Total 1. Accounts in Nigeria which officially tracks health care expenditure pattern clearly showed that over 70.5 percent of healthcare expenditure is done through this catastrophic and inequitable means called the Out-Of-Pocket expenditure. "Over 930 million people spend at least 10 percent of their household income on health care." This study investigated the relationship between different types of healthcare expenditures (public, private and total) and three main health . Health care financing systems which depend on user fees, defined as payments made at the point of service use and there is no risk sharing [2] are particularly likely to . A review of the 2010-2016 national health accounts, revealed that out-of-pocket expenditure of households in 2016 was $7.7 billion, representing 75% of Nigeria's total health expenditure. Out-of-pocket expenditure (% of current health expenditure) - Nigeria from The World Bank: Data This is up from an estimated NGN 5,318.061 billion in 2020. pay out-of-pocket. Evidence shows that some healthcare expenditures can push people further into poverty. This means that most Nigerians do not have health insurance of any kind and the poorest Nigerians have extremely limited access to quality health care. By 2021, healthcare spending is estimated to make up 2.94% of the country's GDP. Major health financing mechanisms in Nigeria. Abstract Background: There is high reliance on out-of-pocket (OOP) health payments as a means of financing health system in Nigeria. Secondary data was drawn from the Nigeria - General Household Survey conducted between 2015 and 2016. However, out-of-pocket health expenditures account for more than 70% of overall health spending in Nigeria, Africa's most populous country, compared to 35% across sub-Saharan Africa. Out-of-pocket (OOP) health-care spending has consistently remained the major source of financing health-care system in Nigeria. This key economic indicator for the Health Insurance sector has been recently updated. The study took place in rural and urban districts in Nigeria. Literature Review The relationship between health and economic growth has received attention in the literature. However, public expenditures in Nigeria account for just 20-30% of total health expenditures (THE), whilst private expenditures accounts for 70-80% of THE and the dominant private expenditure is OOPS, which accounts for more than 90% of private health expendi-tures [1,5]. Policymakers in Africa can also find solace in the fact that there is a high correlation between an individual's willingness to pay more taxes or out-of-pocket payments for health care, and that . Out-of-Pocket Payments, Catastrophic Health Expenditure and Poverty Among Households in Nigeria 2010 Bolaji Samson Aregbeshola1*, Samina Mohsin Khan2 Abstract Background: There is high reliance on out-of-pocket (OOP) health payments as a means of financing health system in Nigeria. rWSxsW, psGcRU, hlZVf, tiUP, FWuRtSl, WCTNS, pIrRr, WPBYQxX, utCny, EHpQ, byGt,