Switzerland The most common destination for the exports of Dominican Republic are United States ($5.42B), Switzerland ($771M), Canada ($490M), India ($458M), and China ($453M). Switzerland was not involved in either of the two World Wars. Foreign direct investment (FDI Agriculture offers a major case in point, though Switzerland’s agriculture sector remains one of the most subsidized in Europe. Line Bar Map. The most recent exports are led by Gold ($1.61B), Medical Instruments ($1.4B), Rolled Tobacco ($833M), Low-voltage Protection Equipment ($816M), and Bananas ($387M). It is a federal republic composed of 26 cantons, with federal authorities based in Bern. The majority of Swiss exports include finished products such as medicinal products, watches, precious jewelry or gold. 1Switzerland’s economy has been able to maintain or regain international competitiveness in several manufacturing and services industries throughout the 20 th century. Most of Switzerland's trade is with the EU, with about three-fourths of its imports coming from and three-fifths of its exports going to EU countries. Among its individual trading partners, Germany is its leading market, receiving about one-fifth of Switzerland's exports and providing about one-fourth of its imports. This page provides - Switzerland Imports - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news. The Philippines ships 69.2% of its gold exports to Hong Kong, who are the 5th largest import destination for all gold. Boston Snow Indicator: A market theory that states that a white Christmas in Boston will result in rising stock prices for the following year. Switzerland - Trade Barriers. License : CC BY-4.0. With this, you can be certain that the pharma industries in Switzerland are not relenting in the services. Japan’s exports for 2017 were valued at an estimated $683.3 billion. Top export destinations of commodities from Zambia in 2020: Switzerland with a share of 44% (3.46 billion US$) China with a share of 18.6% (1.45 billion US$) Dem. Overview In September 2021 Canada exported C$15.8B and imported C$29.9B, resulting in a negative trade balance of C$14.2B.Between September 2020 and September 2021 the exports of Canada have decreased by C$-26.7B (-62.9%) from C$42.5B to C$15.8B, while imports decreased by C$-18.7B (-38.4%) from C$48.6B to C$29.9B. So China is the biggest source of Indian import. Data was extracted from the World Trade Organization's Trade Profile Database. REL is the largest exporter of Gold products in the world on a combined basis and also the largest exportter from Switzerland, India and U.A.E. Switzerland exports goods valued at $21.3B including gold and precious stones, nuclear reactors, boilers, pharmaceutical products, machinery, optical photography machinery and electrical machinery. In 2017, 17% of Switzerland's exports and 20% of its imports came from Germany. The mountains, for example, have been the selling point of the … Leading services exports from the U.S. to Switzerland were in the intellectual property (industrial processes), research and development services, and professional and management services sectors. Swiss merchandise exports to the EU are concentrated on a few sectors, particularly chemicals/pharma and … Switzerland imported 37.7 tonnes from Hong Kong, up from 25.5 tonnes in August and the most for any month since Swiss data became available in 2012. Year over year, the value of exported coal dropped -26.6% from 2019 to 2020. Economy 2020. Salaries are high and taxes are low. Answer (1 of 4): I live since 20 years in Switzerland and economics is my interesting subject so I think I can contribute here. Ireland’s main trading partner is the United Kingdom accounting for 34% of the country’s total imports.The United States of America is the second largest trading partner for Irish companies accounting for 13% of all imported goods.In Europe, Ireland also imports about 8% of its goods from Germany, 5% from the Netherlands and approximately 4% from France. The economy in Switzerland is divided into three sectors: "Landwirtschaft" (agriculture) "Industrie" (industry) "Dienstleistungen" (services) Less than 10% of the population is employed in the "Landwirtschaft" (agriculture), also considered the primary sector.This sector is strongly supported by the government. The agricultural products that make Switzerland famous, such as chocolate, cheese and wine, represent only a small portion of the total of goods exported by Switzerland . Top export destinations of commodities from Zambia in 2020: Switzerland with a share of 44% (3.46 billion US$) China with a share of 18.6% (1.45 billion US$) Dem. The annual global gold export market is worth $305 billion and with annual exports worth $2.01 billion, the Philippines has a less than 0.66% share. Rep. Congo with a share of 12.4% (971 million US$) Singapore with a share of 11.6% (905 million US$) HS Code Import USD$ (71) Precious Stones & Metals: $85,777,780,585 (30) Pharmaceuticals 10.Indonesia. Anuga – International food exhibition, held every two years in Cologne. U.S. exports of trade goods to Switzerland 1985-2020 Growth in demand for refurbished high-tech products in France 2020-2021, by product Further Content: You might find this interesting as well in million margin TL Value US$ HS 2 digit HS 6 digit Simple Weighted Weighted in % in % European Communities 2005 78,112 80 1,329 6.7 2.5 1.6 67.8 85.0 United States 2005 9,554 63 570 3.9 1.8 0.0 40.6 54.5 Switzerland, the United Kingdom, the United States, China, and Singapore, with the first three ... industry is a major source of income , netting €95.4 billion and representing 85.1 % of the total trade ... Exports are more dispersed and al though the four countries just Zambia's exports 2020 by country . Italy also imports pharmaceuticals and other chemicals, and food. For Switzerland, the Public Sector Finances release includes annual data obtained from the Swiss National Bank (main data source is Federal Finance Administration). January 01 - April 30. These shipments represent 2% of the country’s export values. 10. What did Switzerland export in 2020? Exports in Italy increased to 46029.65 EUR Million in October from 44792.94 EUR Million in September of 2021. Advocating the exchange of best practices, we offer full access to our data set and enable the comparisons that generate … About Company Business: Nestle AG is the world’s largest food and non-alcoholic beverages company with headquarters in Switzerland. Raw materials, food, vegetable oils, and fuel account for about one-quarter of total imports and … Switzerland is a relatively open, well-diversified and competitive economy. Trade of Switzerland Switzerland’s major exports are machinery and equipment, chemical-pharmaceutical products, watches, and textiles and apparel. government consumption: 12% (2017 est.) The main export markets for Swiss chocolate in 2018 were Germany (24%), the United Kingdom (11%), France (9.1%) and Canada (8.6%). Japan’s major exports include automobiles (third-largest manufacturer of automobiles), automobile parts, and electronics (Nintendo, Panasonic, Sony, and many more). Switzerland's Economy is not driven by innovation. Switzerland's Top 10 ExportsPharmaceuticals: US$88.2 billion (27.6% of total exports)Gems, precious metals: $86.2 billion (27%)Organic chemicals: $25.4 billion (8%)Machinery including computers: $21.2 billion (6.6%)Clocks, watches including parts: $18.2 billion (5.7%)Optical, technical, medical apparatus: $16.7 billion (5.2%)More items... Switzerland Joins the UN and Moves to the Right Politically On Sept 10, 2002, the Swiss abandoned their long-held neutrality to become the 190th member of the UN. Economic growth slowed only slightly in Q3, although the headline reading was flattered by changes in inventories and statistical discrepancies. Gold. Switzerland’s top 10 exports accounted for 87.7% of the overall value of its global shipments. India imports products such as precious stones, machinery, electrical machinery and aircraft among other imports from the US at a value of $18.2B. Switzerland has maintained a low level of public debt relative to other countries even during the COVID-19 crisis. As of 2003, Switzerland had a 4.3% share of the world export of chemical and pharmaceutical products, and ranked 9th among the largest export nations. Switzerland's exports to Germany amounted to. Its strength has been traditionally linked with the capacity of Swiss firms to export goods and services and to invest in foreign countries. The first table below shows top trading partners of Turkey in terms of export sales (selling), including Germany, United Kingdom, and United Arab Emirates. Switzerland Major Trade Partners Buying and selling are essential for any country to develop its economy and maintain good relations with other nations. According to a 2013 estimate presented in the CIA World Factbook, agricultural produce represents less than one percent of the country's gross domestic product. License : CC BY-4.0. Switzerland exports to United States worth US$ 43,853 million, with a partner share of 13.98 percent. Seoul [South Korea], January 4 (ANI/Global Economic): With the strong sales of major industries and growth of new industries, South Korea's exports posted USD 644.5 billion, the highest ever, in 2021. Line Bar Map. Intra-African exports were 16.6% of total exports in 2017, compared with 68.1% in Europe, 59.4% in Asia, 55.0% in America and 7.0% in Oceania. FDI flows to Switzerland thus remained negative for the third consecutive year. The largest import and export merchandise trade partners for most countries of the world are listed below. While there are institutions of scientific and technical research there, there are not major exports. Switzerland - Agriculture. Secondary were machinery and electronics (14.4%). ; 14.8% ($47 billion): 3004 - Medicaments (excluding goods of heading 30.02, 30.05 or 30.06) consisting of mixed or unmixed products for therapeutic or prophylactic … Switzerland's Physical Characteristics and Infrastructure Switzerland, a country that espouses neutrality, is a prosperous and modern market economy with low unemployment, a highly skilled labor force, and a per capita GDP among the highest in the world. Switzerland's Top Exports in 2020: 22% ($71 billion): 7108 - Gold (including gold plated with platinum) unwrought or in semi-manufactured forms, or in powder form. Chocolate export volumes reached over 122 thousand tonnes in 2018, at a value of €732 billion. plus. Imports in Ireland. The major exports of Switzerland are machinery, electronics, and chocolate. Exports grew 4.0 percent month-on-month, boosted by sales of chemicals and pharmaceutical products (7.5%), machines and electronics (0.8%) and metals (0.6%). Underlying momentum was more subdued, amid a slowdown in private consumption and contractions in public spending, fixed investment and exports. The top foreign export partner for Nevada, known to the world for Las Vegas, is Switzerland. Top five countries to which Switzerland exported in 2019 are below, along with the percent of total exports that went to that country: Switzerland exports to Germany worth US$ 47,900 million, with a partner share of 15.27 percent. Switzerland had technically been a neutral independent state since the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia, but Napoleon had put an end to that when his puppet state, the Helvetic Republic, joined forces with the French. In second place for improving export sales were coffee, tea and spices which was up by 14.4% led by coffee. so which imports gemstones from Georgia. 16.28. The importance of Switzerland’s exports Table 3 summarizes the trends in exports and imports for the Swiss chemicals industry from 2002 to 2012. Major trading partners of Russia are Germany, Italy, China, Turkey, Poland, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States, and Finland. Zambia's exports 2020 by country . Not only do they cover one third of the country’s surface area, but they are also of major historical, geopolitical and economic importance. Anuga is considered one of the major trade fairs for the food and drink sector in Switzerland. Description. Top-Rated Tourist Attractions in Lugano, Locarno, and the Ticino Region. URL: www.anuga.com. Switzerland. U.S. imports from Switzerland include pharmaceutical products, organic chemicals, optic and medical instruments, machinery, and agricultural products. Switzerland is the world’s leading exporter of gold, enjoying a 20.9% share of an annual export market worth $305 billion. 5. 3.26. Exports: Export air passenger fares advanced 0.9 percent in November, after declining 2.3 percent in October and decreasing 8.8 percent in September. Switzerland is a lucky country. Switzerland is a loose confederacy of 13 cities and small valley communities dominating the rest of the country. Economic factors affecting Switzerland. The UK came in at 21st place in 2011-12 with India importing a total of $7.7bn. REL exports it's products to major gold markets in the world, REL exports it's products to more than 60 countries across the world. These shipments represent 2% of the country’s export values. While China’s explosive economic expansion has been a front-page financial story over the last few decades, China’s economy is not the only one worth noting. Swiss imports: 53,753 million CHF + 2.4% [vs same period 2015] For more details, please contact us. Switzerland's largest trading partner is Germany. That dollar amount reflects a 5.3% increase since 2016 and a 1.5% uptick from 2019 to 2020. In most cases the data relates to 2016 rankings. The value of Switzerland’s chemical exports was double the value of The Swiss soils, terrain, and climate do not favor agriculture particularly and farms are usually family enterprises, mostly small in size. Exports in Italy averaged 25820.18 EUR Million from 1991 until 2021, reaching an all time high of 48980.48 EUR Million in July of 2021 and a record low of 5946.40 EUR Million in August of 1991. T 2) The terms "export selling" and "export marketing" are interchangeable. Although the country has built a strong industrial base in both the services and manufacturing sectors, resulting in a large stock of FDI ( … GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption: 53.7% (2017 est.) The most common destination for the exports of Austria are Germany ($48.4B), United States ($11.7B), Italy ($11B), Switzerland ($8.51B), and France … Imports and Exports in Switzerland The Swiss economy. With a open economy, Switzerland provides low prices when referring to manufactured goods; it also provides suitable policies for import-export matters. Import and export regulations in Switzerland. ... Switzerland's exports. ... Imports in Switzerland. ... Switzerland's trade agreements. ... Switzerland trade balance, exports and imports by country 2016 In 2016, Switzerland major trading partner countries for exports were Germany, United States, United Kingdom, China and Hong Kong, China and for imports they were Germany, United States, Italy, United Kingdom and United Arab Emirates . Swiss imports Pharmaceutical exports as a percentage of total chemical industry exports … The United States was the second largest destination of exports (10% of total exports) and the second largest source of imports (7.8%). 3.17. SWISS IMPORTS AND EXPORTS 2016. Its GDP in 2019 was $703.8 billion that represented 0.58% of the world economy (Trading Economics, 2020). Zurich. Switzerland generally meets its commitments under WTO and bilateral agreements, making it a desirable trade destination for U.S. products and services. The island nation ranks second only behind Ecuador in banana exports. Since Switzerland is an export-dependent country, it is vastly affected by the economic development of its major trading partners in the eurozone and the U.S. Switzerland’s major export partners in the eurozone are Germany (21.2%), France (8.2%), Italy (7.9%), and Austria (4.5%). India's top import source is China followed by the UAE, Switzerland and Saudi Arabia. Switzerland is one of the largest economies in the world. Available series include taxes, revenues, expenditure by various types and functions, balance and debt of the confederation, the cantons and the municipalities. In 2019, Switzerland bought US$277.2 billion worth of imported products up by 9.5% since 2015 and down by -0.5% from 2018 to 2019. Its overall score has decreased by 0.1 point, with only small changes registered in … The country also stays fairly isolated, which isn't good in our current global economy. Top Switzerland Exports to the World. International travel receipts were CHF 16.6 billion, representing 4.1% of total exports. Includes the barriers (tariff and non-tariff) that U.S. companies face when exporting to this country. Watch manufacturing is mostly located around the Jura mountains, in the cantons of Geneva, Vaud, Neuchâtel, Bern, and Jura. The U.S., meanwhile, takes about 8.7% of Switzerland’s exports. imports of goods and services: -54% (2017 est.) Manufacturing is an important part of Switzerland’s economy. Based on average exchange rates for 2020, the Swiss franc appreciated by 4.7% against the US dollar since 2016 and increased by 5.5% from 2019 to 2020. Switzerland shipped US$314.1 billion worth of goods around the globe in 2019, up by 7.6% since 2015 and up by 1.2% from 2018 to 2019. Top 10 Swiss Exports to Germany. Swiss exports: 69,686 million CHF + 4.5% [vs same period 2015] For more details, please click here. About Company Business: Nestle AG is the world’s largest food and non-alcoholic beverages company with headquarters in Switzerland. U.S. exports of trade goods to Switzerland 1985-2020 Distribution of beer exports from Norway 2016, by country of destination Export value to Russia from Hungary 2010-2019 Switzerland is the leading exporter of gold. In the same year Switzerland exported gold worth approximately CHF67 billion. %30 of swiss exports are made up of pharmaceutical products from these companies scattered in different regions of the country. The watchmaking also plays a major role in the growth of Swiss economy making Switzerland one of the leaders in exports of high-quality watches and clocks. Label. Although Switzerland is landlocked, it operates its own merchant marine consisting of 25 large vessels on the seas and numerous barges connecting seaports with harbors in Switzerland. The SGI brings together a broad network of experts and practitioners aiming to understand what works best in sustainable governance. This page provides - Italy Exports - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart … The contributions of imports or of DI of foreign firms in Switzerland have … The share of exports from Africa to the rest of the world ranged from 80% to 90% in 2000 –2017. Switzerland stood as largest gold exporter country in the world. The first place in Switzerland’s exports is occupied by gold with almost 20% and the second place is occupied by pharmaceuticals that represent almost 11.5% of the country’s total exports. 5 Largest Gold Exporters in the World. Turkey Major Exports Neutral shouldn’t be confused with pacifist, as the country still has an army. 77.5 Billion CHF as on December-2020. Country Switzerland Year/Range 2016 Trade Flow The next element to address in the PESTEL analysis of Switzerland is the economic environment. Switzerland's major industries are machinery and precision instruments, watchmaking, chemicals, textiles, tourism, banking and insurance. Exports from Switzerland grew 4.0% to a record high of CHF 21.8 billion in November 2021 from CHF 21.0 billion in the previous month, boosted by sales of chemicals and pharmaceutical products (7.5%), machines and electronics (0.8%) and metals (0.6%). Its strength has been traditionally linked with the capacity of Swiss firms to export goods and services and to invest in foreign countries. According to Mercer, the cities of Zurich and Geneva are two of the most livable Swiss cities in the world. South Korea Telecommunications Switzerland's ultra-modern radio and television, mobile, fixed network and broadband infrastructure makes it a highly attractive location for businesses. U.S. exports of services to Switzerland were an estimated $46.8 billion in 2019, 11.8% ($5.0 billion) more than 2018, and 139% greater than 2009 levels. Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files. U.S. exports of trade goods to Switzerland 1985-2020 Growth in demand for refurbished high-tech products in France 2020-2021, by product Further Content: You might find this interesting as well Details for the European Union, Hong Kong and Macau are also included. The European Union (EU) is Switzerland’s main trading partner. Switzerland Trade Statistics. Nickel Zurich is Switzerland's largest city, a major transportation hub, and a top starting point for travelers. investment in inventories: -1.4% (2017 est.) Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files. Nestle have more than 2000 brands ranging from global icons to local preferred FMCG products, and Nestle is present in 191 countries around the world. The top exports of Switzerland are Gold ($65.3B), Packaged Medicaments ($31.9B), Human or Animal Blood ($18.1B), Base Metal Watches ($13.3B) and Precious Metal Watches ($8.66B), using the 1992 revision of the HS (Harmonized System) … the employment distribution of Switzerland’s top-ten chemi-cal companies (Table 1) by geographic region (Table 2). 9.Singapore. Lastly, watches account for 9.1% of exports from Switzerland. Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a landlocked country at the confluence of Western, Central and Southern Europe. Working in Switzerland is a good way to save money. Switzerland’s exports The basic products that are exported from Switzerland are gold, pharmaceutical goods and watches. As of 2017, Switzerland was recorded as the 2 nd largest exporter of package medicine. U.S. exports to Switzerland include gold, pharmaceutical products, art and antiques, optic and medical instruments, and aircraft. Definition: This entry shows who does the spending in an … The index for export air passenger fares fell 1.0 percent for the year ended in November, the first over-the-year decrease since the index declined 5.8 percent from August 2019 to August 2020. Switzerland's trade surplus inched down to a 7-month low of CHF 4.2 billion in November 2021 from a downwardly revised CHF 4.3 billion in the previous month, amid weakening global demand. December 23, 2021. The EU is Switzerland's main trading partner, whereas Switzerland is the EU's fourth trading partner after the USA, China and the UK. Its major exports now include machinery, watches, pharmaceutical products, chemicals, and textiles. Many industries must import raw and semifinished materials by costly overland routes. FDI in Figures According to UNCTAD's World Investment Report 2021, FDI inflows to Switzerland stood at USD -47 billion in 2020, compared to USD -79 billion in 2019. China is also the second-largest recipient of Switzerland’s exports, receiving 13 per cent of Switzerland’s total exports during this period, and … However, competition for jobs is also high, so if you want to access the Swiss cash cow, get some tips on how to land the right job and what to expect. 3.08. Answer: Switzerland Famous for making premium watches embedded with gem stones & Metals . Switzerland is exporting gold to around 65 countries across the world. About 20.2% of Japan’s exports go to the United States and about 17.6% goes to China. Worldwide, the value of coal exports increased by an average 15% for all exporting countries since 2016 when overall coal shipments were valued at $72 billion. Switzerland is a leading exporter of high-end watches and clocks. Nestle have more than 2000 brands ranging from global icons to local preferred FMCG products, and Nestle is present in 191 countries around the world. It is both a major financial centre and a big producer of chemicals, pharmaceuticals and luxury goods. Switzerland is not very famous for its agricultural industry, in spite of the fact that the country … Switzerland is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. In 2018, tourism contributed 2.9% to Swiss GDP and employed 181 700 people (full-time equivalents), corresponding to 4.4% of total employment. 15.85. Switzerland, a country that espouses neutrality, is a prosperous and modern market economy with low unemployment, a highly skilled labor force, and a … Since 1815 Switzerland has kept its neutral stance. It is right in the center of Europe, giving it a geographical advantage. Switzerland's independence and neutrality have long been honored by the major European powers. $48 billion or 15.3% of its overall exports. Although Switzerland is the biggest exporter of gold, it is ranked 7th globally in terms of t… Travel exports accounted for 13.4% of total service exports in 2018. 77.5 Billion CHF as on December-2020. Its nearest rivals are the United Kingdom(8.46%) and the United States (5.95%). Its population was around 8,341,000 Swiss citizens as of 2014. - WorldAtlas The contributions of imports or of DI of foreign firms in Switzerland have … A few families control state affairs. The second lists top trade partners of Turkey regarding import total (buying). The top foreign export partner for Nevada, known to the world for Las Vegas, is Switzerland. The EU is Switzerland's main trading partner. Around 56% of Italy’s products are exported to other European Union countries, but also on other continents. However, following a 2017 referendum where the Swiss voted to gradually phase-out nuclear power, Switzerland’s energy sector is undergoing a considerable transition. Switzerland Exports. Main exports were: chemical and pharmaceutical products (45 percent of total exports), of which medicines (18 percent) and immunological products (13 percent); machinery and electronics (15 percent); watches (9 percent); precision instruments (7 percent); metals (6 percent); and jewelry (5 percent). One of the most competitive economies in the world at a glance: facts, figures and articles on business, exports, taxes and public finance. See also Switzerland’s Top Trading Partners, Switzerland’s Top 10 Exports and Switzerland’s Top 10 Major Export Companies Research Sources: Central Intelligence Agency, The World Factbook Country Profiles. Label. by Flagpictures.org Exports from Switzerland totaled $319 billion in 2020. Date: October 2013. Exports of watches, machines, chemicals, and electronics also gives it an edge. exports of goods and services: 65.1% (2017 est.) What Are The Biggest Industries In Switzerland? For the majority of CIS countries Russia remains the main trading partner. River Rhine has been made navigable from the North Sea up to the Swiss border in Basel and plays a major role in imports and exports of heavy goods. Around 66% of Swiss imports are from the EU, while 43% of Swiss exports are to EU countries. According to the Federal Statistics Office, as of 2019, Swiss exports were primarily chemicals and pharmaceuticals (44.8%). Switzerland’s economic freedom score is 81.9, making its economy the 4th freest in the 2021 Index. As a result the country is one of the wealthiest countries in the world. Rep. Congo with a share of 12.4% (971 million US$) Singapore with a share of 11.6% (905 million US$) The economy in Switzerland is divided into three sectors: "Landwirtschaft" (agriculture) "Industrie" (industry) "Dienstleistungen" (services) Less than 10% of the population is employed in the "Landwirtschaft" (agriculture), also considered the primary sector.This sector is strongly supported by the government. Part B Exports to major trading partners and duties faced Pref. Between 2014 and 2018, exports increased slightly at an average annual rate of 1.2% (value at 2.8%). The only other region with a higher export dependence on the rest of the world is Oceania. Switzerland is very traditional, and has mainly supported the same industries for the last 50 years. Today, more and more of what has long been considered developing economies are seeing rapid commercial development within their own countries and on the international s… Top 10 Swiss Imports from Germany Germany's exports to Switzerland amounted to Major Events. Last Published: 2/14/2019. In other words, 24% of Swiss exports and 31% of imports were directly linked to gold. Switzerland gold exports represents 25.1% of total’s output of world. They produce cereals such as wheat and barley, root crops such as sugar beets and potatoes, and fruits such as apples and grapes. Organic chemicals represents the fastest-grower among the top 10 export categories, up by 15.5% year over year since 2019. Read more. The first table below shows top trading partners of Switzerland in terms of export sales (selling), … The SGI is a platform built on a cross-national survey of governance that identifies reform needs in 41 EU and OECD countries. 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